Likewise, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, HaitiвЂ™s first democratically elected leader, relied on gangs of urban slum dwellers to defend his presidency against being overthrown, which nonetheless occurred in both 19. Gangs have a long, inglorious history in HaitiвЂ™s political fabric.ДЇormer President FranГ§ois Duvalier, known as Papa Doc, guarded against military coups and popular dissent by organizing paramilitary groups that oversaw a reign of terror in the 1960s - a bloody time that resulted in some 60,000 extrajudicial killings. Protecting and delivering humanitarian aid, supporting Haitian law enforcement with intelligence and operations planning, and investing in marginalized communities to prevent gang recruitment are all areas where international actors can make a difference. And despite a history of failed interventions in Haiti, there is nonetheless a role for influential outside players. ThatвЂ™s a tall order for a barely functioning state. But until the Haitian government gets crime under control and brings the gangs to justice, the restoration of the constitutional order and the countryвЂ™s humanitarian and economic recovery will remain elusive. ItвЂ™s still reeling from an unresolved political crisis following the July assassination of President Jovenel MoГЇse and the humanitarian fallout of an August earthquake. Meanwhile, HaitiвЂ™s internal challenges continue to mount. The incidents underscore the growing confidence and power of HaitiвЂ™s armed gangs. A few days later, in yet another event, five Catholic priests, two nuns and three others were taken while heading to a church service in a suburb north of Port-au-Prince - only to be released after three agonizing weeks. In April, kidnappers interrupted an evangelical service being streamed on Facebook Live to seize the pastor and three churchgoers. Port-au-Prince, Haiti, has become the worldвЂ™s kidnapping capital.ДЄ little over a week ago, 17 individuals from a U.S.-based missionary group were abducted in the latest brazen attempt of its kind.

Mount and blade relationship